Overview
→ Dark Matter and Dark Energy are two things in the universe that we don't know much about.
→ They are like puzzles because we can't see them, but they are important because they are a big part of how much stuff and energy is in the universe.
→ We know they exist because of how they pull things with gravity and how they make the universe expand.
Dark Matter
→ Dark matter means a kind of stuff that can't be seen with our eyes or with tools that detect light.
→ It doesn't give off light or take in light, and it doesn't talk to light in any way.
→ This makes it impossible for us to see it directly.
→ But we know it's there because we see how it affects things that we can see, like groups of stars (galaxies) and bunches of galaxies (galaxy clusters).
→ We needed the idea of dark matter to understand why the way things are pulled by gravity doesn't match up with the amount of stuff we can see.
→ Several lines of evidence suggest the existence of dark matter:
- Galactic Rotation Curves
- Gravitational Lensing
- Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Anisotropies
(1). Galactic Rotation Curves
→ Galaxies spin in a way that's different from what regular physics and the things we can see would expect.
→ Without extra invisible stuff (called dark matter), galaxies would spread out because they spin too quickly.
(2). Gravitational Lensing
→ Big things in space, like groups of galaxies, make light bend a lot.
→ This bending is more than we can explain using only the things we can see.
(3). Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Anisotropies
→ The way things were spread out in the universe when it was young, which we can see through the Cosmic Microwave Background, shows that there might be more stuff in space than we can see with our eyes.
→ We don't know what dark matter is, but scientists have some ideas.
→ They think there might be tiny things called WIMPs and Axions that could be dark matter.
→ Scientists are doing tests and watching things to try to find out more about these dark matter particles.
Dark Energy
→ Dark energy is a puzzling thing that might be making the universe get bigger faster.
→ Unlike gravity, which usually brings things closer together, dark energy seems to push things apart and make them spread out even faster.
→ People started thinking about dark energy when they saw faraway exploding stars in the late 1990s.
→ When they looked at these explosions and how groups of stars are arranged, they realized that the universe isn't just getting bigger, it's growing in size more quickly.
→ People who study space are still trying to know what dark energy is.
→ Some believe it might be related to something called the "cosmological constant," which comes from Albert Einstein's thoughts about how the universe functions.
→ But the way things are speeding up is more than what the cosmological constant idea can explain.
→ So, there are other ideas, like something called quintessence, which is about a changing kind of energy.
→ Simply put, dark matter and dark energy are very important pieces of the universe that have a big impact on how it looks and changes over time.
→ Even though we don't completely know them yet, scientists are still looking and studying to figure out what they really are.
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